Rafael Ramírez is former Minister of Petroleum of Venezuela and President of PDVSA (2002–2014).

February 24, 2026

Interviews

Oil Wars

An interview with Venezuela's former Minister of Energy

Analyzing Venezuela's energy resources as a site of political struggle, from the nationalizations under Chávez to the ouster of Maduro.

May 16, 2025

Analysis

OPEC Plus

Economics and politics in an expanding exporters organization

While OPEC's economic stratagem has always trumped the political orientation of some of its members, wide geopolitical shifts have diminished the role of some nations while allowing for new partnerships unimaginable in the twentieth century. As an expanded organization, OPEC+…